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Enforcement

Enforcement

Does the leverage work?

The contractual architecture in Operations depends on an unstated assumption: that vendors confronted with regulatory obligations will rationally negotiate over their offering rather than paying the fine, suing, withdrawing some products, or — in the limit — leaving the market. The historical record suggests that assumption holds only conditionally.

  1. 1.
    The GDPR record

    Eight years of GDPR enforcement.

  2. 2.
    The DMA record

    Gatekeeper designations and the DMA compliance posture.

  3. 3.
    Selective vendor exit

    When a vendor exit is enforceable.

  4. 4.
    U.S. retaliation

    CLOUD Act, export controls, and reciprocal tools.

  5. 5.
    The balance: regulation needs alternatives

    When regulation alone isn't enough.